Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Essay

1. Discuss how you could apply negotiation strategies to address potential conflicts in the workplace. The primary focus at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is patient/Veteran care and establishing new Veteran enrollees. This is done by direct marketing among other forms of outreach. For VA, negotiation will be important in not only establishing a new enrollee, but keeping that enrollee as well. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, integrative negotiations are used to â€Å"achieve results that benefit both parties† (2011, p.397). By consistently explaining and showing Veterans the benefits, they gain by maintaining their health care through VA, and how the outcome will benefit them, VA will continue to receive the federal funding to continue sustained operations for the coming years. According to Hellriegel and Slocum in order for integrative negotiations to be successful, VA should follow these principles: * Separate the people from the problem- VA’s staff must not allow their personal issues with Veterans to interfere with the negotiation process instead focus on the issue at hand. * Focus on interests, not positions – Understand the needs and interests of the clients instead of being concerned about title. * Invent options for mutual gains- This is where creative decision making comes into play. By presenting the client with several alternatives to meet their needs, Winston has a better chance of finding one that the client finds appealing. * Insist on using objective criteria – When dealing with marketing, it is imperative that goals are measurable and obtainable. 2. Determine how evidence-based management could be applied to the work environment you researched. Evidence-based management is defined by Hellriegel and Slocum as â€Å"the premise that using a better, deeper diagnosis and employing facts to the extent possible enable managers and leaders to do their jobs better† (2011, p.425). Hellriegel and Slocum also outline five diagnostic questions to be used to help leaders avoid â€Å"simpleminded quick fixes† (2011, p.425) which address how assumptions are used, if the assumptions are reasonable, and what alternatives could address the same issue more consistently. At Winston there are a few areas where evidence-based management could apply, specifically human resources and scheduling. The human resource department at Winston is responsible for recruiting talent and developing training. Both these tasks are found in almost all organizations, therefore extensive data about how to best approach them is available. In such an instance, utilizing tried and true techniques for evaluating prospective employees and training them to properly do their job saves Winston time and money because they do not have to risk failure trying to develop their own techniques. Scheduling is also an area where there is extensive data that supports how to properly schedule employees to ensure that all client goals are met in the predetermine time frame. In fact, scheduling is one of the major components of Operations Management. 3. Analyze the blocks, stages, and methods of creative decision making to determine the best approach the employer you researched should follow when making managerial decisions. The very nature of the business at Winston lends itself to creative decision making since all the tasks involve the use of some form of creativity. From packaging design to visual stylists, the team at Winston is constantly using their creativity to meet client expectations. As a result of the artistic environment, using creativity when making managerial decisions comes naturally at Winston. There are several blocks, stages and methods of creative decision making yet only one approach would work the best at Winston, Osborn’s Creativity Process. Creative decision making involves several things, but before beginning the process it is important to recognize the blocks that can it from working properly. Perceptual blocks happen when one does not interpret a problem correctly based on a limited scope of understanding. When applied to the type of work done at Winston this can happen if an Account Manager incorrectly stereotypes the target demographic based on their personal experiences. Cultural blocks happen when one has a desire to conform to societal norms, avoid conflict, be practical, and believe that open-ended exploration is a waste of time (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p. 431). The staff at Winston must not be held back by cultural blocks because often the brands they work for are being marketed to an extremely diverse customer base with no clearly defined culture. In fact, part of what Winston does is create the brand’s culture so that like-minded individuals feel a sense of connection and will purchase the products . The final block, emotional, is most often seen as the presence of fear. Whether it is fear of failure, fear of others, or fear of making a mistake this emotion is a strong deterrent to the creative process. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, â€Å"For many organizations, fostering creativity and innovation is essential to their ability to offer high-quality products and services† (2011, p. 432). For Winston’s continued success, creativity and innovation must occur with every client on a consistent basis or they will lose business. For a brand to stand out in the increasingly crowded retail environment, their marketing efforts must be memorable and identifiable. This holds especially true when Winston designs the space a client will occupy in a brick-and-mortar retailer where brands are often thrown together based on functionality. If the space looks like something that has already been done, chances are customers will overlook it and go for something else that catches their eye. Once the three blocks are addressed, the creative process can begin. There are five stages to the creative process that are similar to the phases that are a part of Osborn’s creativity process. The first and second stages of the creative process, preparation and concentration, is similar to Osborn’s first phase, fact-finding. All three focus on identifying/defining and investigating the issue or problem. It is important to note that identifying the problem must be followed by â€Å"gathering and analyzing relevant data† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p 434) so that there is a solid base to build upon during the following stages/phases. For Winston this may mean discovering that a problem with accessibility and visibility, not the product itself, are the reasons why buyers were not interested in a particular brand at a trade show (supported by sales data). The team at Winston can then use pictures and diagrams of the last trade show booth and layout to create new des igns for the next one during the incubation stage or idea-finding phase. The incubation stage is the third of five stages in the creative process and is similar to the idea-finding phase of Osborn’s creativity process. During this stage/phase, management brainstorms alternative solutions to the problem or issue identified in the previous stage/phase. In order to come up with the best solution possible, no idea should be rejected during this stage and team members should let their imaginations run wild since this is the perfect opportunity to be innovative and separate the client’s brand from competitors. This stage/phase is the most important to a creative services firm such as Winston because the generation of several ideas gives the Account Manager several options to pitch to the client. With a variety of options it is more likely that the client will find one they like and decide to do business with Winston instead of another firm. The fourth stage in the creative process is the illumination stage which â€Å"is the moment of discovery† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p.432). Similarly, Osborn’s creativity process has the solution-finding phase which involves generating and evaluating possible courses of action and deciding how they should be implemented (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p.435). During this stage management must come to a consensus about which of the ideas generated during the previous stage/phase would best address the problem or issue identified at the beginning of the process. At Winston this would mean narrowing down the ideas generated to the top two or three, pitching them to the client, and then working with the client to implement the one chosen. Verification, the final creative stage, has no counterpart in Osborn’s creativity process. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, this stage â€Å"involves the testing of the created solution or idea† (2011, p. 432). At Winston this may mean building a small version the revamped trade show booth and using it at a few minor shows as a test run before unveiling it at the industries larger trade shows such as WWD MAGIC in Las Vegas. Testing is important because it allows the kinks to be worked out before producing something on a large scale which could mean a huge financial loss if done improperly. Although there are other creative decision making methods, Osborn’s creativity process works best for Winston because it is straight-forward and simple to execute. The other models of creative decision making are electronic brainstorming and De Bono’s lateral thinking. Electronic brainstorming is also not a good option for Winston because the software required to correctly utilize this method is an expense that such a small firm cannot afford when trying to keep their prices competitive. Also, the artistic aspect of the work done at Winston is best collaborated on in-person so that drawings and models can be seen by all involved. De Bono’s lateral thinking method involves the usage of techniques such as analogy, cross-fertilization, and reversal. This method is not the best for Winston because the techniques used to foster the development of new ideas are not feasible for the type of work done at Winston. For instance, the cross-fertilization technique requires the use of outside experts from other fields which means additional expenses that a small firm such as Winston may not be able to afford. The analogy technique requires specific and concrete analogies, whereas the nature of the messages and work done by Winston are abstract. Finally the reversal technique â€Å"involves examining a problem by turning it completely around, inside out, or upside down† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p. 433). This is the one technique that may work for Winston, but it is a more complex process than Osborn’s and therefore harder to follow. 4. Discuss the environmental and strategic factors that affect the organizational design of the company you researched. Winston utilizes a decentralized network design to ensure efficiency and profitability. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, â€Å"Decentralization is the delegation of authority to lower level employees or departments† (2011, p.460). Decentralization relies upon upper management delegating certain tasks which allow lower level employees to make decisions within predetermined constraints. For instance, Winston’s field merchandisers often need to make changes to their schedules. There are a number of Staffing Managers who are able to review and approve these changes, thus allowing the Senior Manager of Staffing and Analysis to focus on more important tasks. Winston’s horizontal organizational design type is a network. â€Å"Organizational design is the process of selecting a structure for the tasks, responsibilities, and authority relationships within an organization† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p.446). In the case of Winston, although there are two main offices, New York and San Francisco, a large portion of the work is done by independent contractors throughout the nation in the field. According to Hellriegel and Slocum this is a network design, meaning an organizations â€Å"subcontracts some or many of its operations to other firms and coordinates them to accomplish specific goals† (2011, p. 467). There are several environmental factors that affect organizational design including suppliers, distributors, competitors, and customers (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, p448). The first environmental factor to be considered when developing an organizational design is suppliers. Although Winston does not use raw materials to create a product, they still need suppliers to provide office goods and technology. Office goods are used at Winston for basic needs such as printing, taking notes, etc., but also for industry specific tasks such as preparing storyboards and interior space design drawings necessary to acquire and service clients. Technology suppliers are needed for things such as phone and internet service as well as cell phones, analytical software, and computers. As a mid-sized company, Winston must ensure that they work with suppliers that are not only reliable, but also cost-efficient. To guarantee a streamlined ordering process, Winston employs a full-time Purchaser whose sole task is to negotiate with and order from suppliers. The second environmental factor that affects organizational design is distributors. Hellriegel and Slocum define distributors as â€Å"the various organizations that help other organizations deliver and sell its products† (2011, p.449). As a provider of a service, Winston has a small distribution channel in terms of tangible goods, but a large one in terms of intangible service providers. To deliver materials such as tags, name badges and other marketing goods to their network of field merchandisers Winston has a business account with FedEx. Within the organization the Account Managers are responsible for getting material to their subordinates get in a timely manner so that goals are met in the required timeframe. On the intangible side, Winston’s nation-wide network of independent contractors is responsible for delivering the in-store services that clients rely upon Winston to deliver. Competitors are the third environmental factor to be considered when determining organization design. Hellriegel and Slocum wrote, â€Å"Competitors can also influence the design of an organization because they drive the organization to become more productive† (2011, p.449). As a mid-sized company, Winston must work extremely hard to ensure they remain cost competitive against larger retail marketing firms. To do so, Winston needs to utilize a design that is â€Å"simple and easy to manage† (Hellriegel & Slocum, 201, p. 449). One way major way Winston does this is by keeping their employee count low. Account Managers handle several accounts at once, decreasing the need for a large number of employees on this level. Also Winston uses part-time independent contractors in the field instead of full-time staff to make the payroll process simpler as it does not include tax or benefit deductions. The final environmental factor that influences organizational design is customers. At Winston the customers are the retail companies that hire them to do a wide variety of marketing tasks such as merchandising, brand promotions, environmental design, etc. To develop and maintain accounts with valuable clients and remain competitive, Winston offers personalized services with an eye for detail. As mentioned in paragraphs above, Winston works hard to ensure that overhead remains low so that they can offer competitive pricing. References Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J. W., Jr. (2011). Organizational behavior: 2011 custom edition (13th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Krivis, J. (2006). Can we call a truce? Ten tips for negotiating workplace conflicts. Employment Relations Today (Wiley), 33(3), 31-35. doi:10.1002/ert.20115 Supplier Relationships.(2012). Retrieved September 7, 2012 from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82658.html

Regulatory Agency Paper Essay

The agencies that are in charge of monitoring health care facilities and practitioners are known as health care regulation agencies. These agencies also provide the organizations with information about changes in the industry. At the federal, state, and local level the agencies establish rules and regulations that health care organizations have to follow mandatorily. Some agencies, especially those that provide accreditation for health care professionals, require no mandatory participation. The objective of this paper is to examine one of those health care regulatory agencies; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The audience will learn more about the history of the organization as well as responsibilities and effects of this agency on the health care industry. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was created on July 1st, 1946 under the name Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, Georgia. The whole organization occupied one floor of a small building. The f irst goal as an organization was simple; it was to prevent malaria from spreading across the nation. As a team with this goal the CDC was armed with a budget of $10 million and less than 400 employees. The founder Dr. Joseph Mountin continued to advocate for the public and its health issues, he pushed to have the CDC extend its responsibilities to other communicable diseases. Today, the CDC is one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Serves and is recognized as the nation’s premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agencies. (Our History – Our Story, 2013) This agency is not just focused on the disease and prevention either; their focus goes beyond that to addressing the issues, and including mental health and cancer research. Of all the organizations on all levels of government, the center for disease control is the most widespread and effective due to the amount of responsibility and information that is relayed and provided, and the  speed in which this is done. This organization runs on all levels of government, and must provide up to date factual information at all times. With the goal to educate and raise awareness of disease, death rate, precautions, and many other public health concerns there is a huge responsibility to ensure accuracy and effectiveness on all areas. The CDC is a 24 h our job; the organization is constantly working to protect Americans from health, safety and security threats both international and local. Whether disease begins at home or abroad, acute or chronic, treatable or terminal, human error or deliberate attack the CDC fights disease and supports the community and citizens to do the same. Most recently in the news there was an instance of an Ebola outbreak in West Africa. This is not a huge concern for most of us that aren’t traveling there, or don’t have family that travels back and forth, but for the Center for Disease Control this was a huge concern. This was the largest outbreak in history, and also the first on in Africa. The threat to the US is small, but the CDC being a national organization focuses on alerting us even when the threat is elsewhere and they also help provide facts and information. With this outbreak the CDC started working with other government agencies including: the World Health Organization, and other domestic and international companies to help activate the Emergency Operations Center. This is done to help coordinate technical assistance and control activities with partners. The communication between government agencies during these times is crucial to ensure supplies, shelter, medication, and assistance is provided when needed. The Center for Disease Control has ensured to deploy teams of public health experts to West Africa and will continue to send experts to the affected countries. This is evidence of the miraculous team work that begin with the CDC. Without the technology, information, and ability to coordinate countries, and public health experts, West Africa would be suffering more struggles than what this outbreak has already caused. (2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa, 2014) The Center for Disease Control is one of the most major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services. The organization uses grants and contracts to fund 85% of the costs to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Each year, the CDC awards approximately $7 billion in over 14,000 separate grant and contract actions, including simplified  acquisitions (CDC’s Procurement and Grants Office, 2013). Although this is a government organization, there are also state wide and county wide alerts, prevention, and management that are used to focus in on specific areas that may be affected when other areas are not. CDC’s Business Management and Accountability Activities are guided by the following principles: stewardship of public funds, continuously improving customer service and satisfaction, providing the best value for the investment, accountability through performance metrics, job satisfaction through workforce development, and searching for innovation in work processes (Business Practices, 2013). In order to remain affe ctive in a growing society based on technology, the Center for Disease Control has modified the business practices. An example of this is in order to have funding available for future threats, the organization has consolidated all 13 information technology infrastructure services, this in turn reduced operating costs of 21% ($23 Million) (Business Practices, 2013). Another way that the Center for Disease Control carries out the duty of helping manipulate the budget to prepare for any future threats or outbreaks is over the last two years the organization has conducted public-private sector competitions for various functions covering nearly 1,000 CDC staff positions resulting in saving over $40 Million through the development of the most efficient organizational proposals to carry out required functions. (Business Practices, 2013) The Center for Disease Control has a huge regulatory authority to health care. The responsibility to consolidate thousands of disease cases is hard enough, but the CDC must also remain anonymous in some areas to keep the patient’s health record information and personal information discrete, while also alerting the community of a possible disease spread. HIPAA, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is not only followed by health care professionals, but must also be regulated with the CDC as well. H ospitals must also report to the CDC when certain cases of certain diagnoses come up, and when new threats arise as well. Together the health care professionals and the Center for Disease Control must: alert the community, respect privacy, prevent panic, and provide a solution. These goals are a huge responsibility and yet this organization has managed to provide these services steadily since 1946. The Center for Disease Control has a certification and accreditation process that ensures all information systems  made available by CDC to implement the National Program Cancer Registries, or NPCR meet or exceed the C&A accreditation standards when operated with appropriate management review. It requires ongoing security control monitoring and reaccreditations periodically or when there is a significant change to an information system or its environment. Within the accreditation process there is security certification, which when talking about the Center for Disease Control is a comprehensive evaluation of the CDC’s management, operational, and technical security controls for an information system. This documents the effectiveness of the security controls in a particular operational environment and includes recommendations for new controls to mitigate system vulnerabilities. Security certification results are used to assess risks to the system and update the systems securit y plan. (The CDC Certification†¦, 2012) In conclusion there have been facts supporting the agencies structure, and the history of how the agency became successful in the public health eye. This paper covered the organizations’ effect on health care and improvements to everyday life in multiple communities across the world, and the regulatory authority that the Center for Disease Control has in relation to health care. Although we have many agencies working together toward a common goal of better health, the Center for Disease control definitely holds a high standard of impact. With all of the regulations, accreditations, partnerships, and knowledge that the Center for Disease Control is able to manage and coordinate how did the world of health ever run without it? With these facts, and examples the role and regulation of the CDC is more clear and understood, so next time there is an outbreak in research, or in disease there will be one thing we can count on and that is that the CDC will be on the frontline ready to organize, prevent, educate, and assist in the solution. References 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. (2014, September 6). Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/ Business Practices. (2013). Retrieved September 8, 2014, from: http://www.cdc.gov/about/business/business.htm CDC’s Procurement and Grants Office. (2013). Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/about/business/funding.htm Our History – Our Story. (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/index.html The CDC Certification and Accreditation (C&A) Process. (2012). Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/tools/security/cdcca.htm

Vicarious Liability Problem Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1292 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? In order to advise Freddy Hobart Ltd, one would have to explore the rules of vicarious liability of an employer and case law which may apply. Vicarious liability arises where there is a relationship between the tortfeasor and the party who becomes vicariously liable which justifies giving the latter responsibility for the acts of the former[1]. This means that a victim of a tort, in the present scenario being Flora, can claim compensation from the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company if it is proven that the tort occurred as a result of the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fault when he was in the course of his employment. In order for Freddy Hobart Ltd to be vicariously liable for Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence, three requirements will need to be satisfied. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vicarious Liability Problem Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order First, there must be an employer/employee relationship between Freddy Hobart Ltd and Jameel. Employers are only vicariously liable for the acts of their employees as is shown in the case of Ready Mixed Concrete v Minister of Pensions[2]; an employer is not liable for the act of its independent contractors as is illustrated in the case of Honeywill and Stein v Larkin[3]. This requirement has clearly been met since it is mentioned that Jameel was under a contract with Freddy Hobart Ltd with all the rights and duties of a full employee. Second, it must be established that Jameel has committed a tort. We are told that the lorry crashed because of Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligent behaviour. So it would appear that this requirement has also been met. The third requirement is more complex. It must be established that Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence was engaged in while he was in the course of his employment with Freddy Hobart Ltd. If this requirement is not met, then Freddy Hobart L td will not be vicariously liable but Jameel will be personally liable in respect of Flora as was shown in Beard v London General Omnibus Co[4]. There are two tests used by the court to determine if the third requirement has been met; namely, the Salmond test as established in Salmondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law of Torts[5] and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"close connectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test as established in Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd[6]. Where the tort is committed intentionally, the latter test is preferable. However as we are dealing with negligence, we will consider both tests. Under the Salmond test, the third requirement will be met if the tortious act was either a wrongful act authorised by the employer or a wrongful and unauthorised mode of doing some act authorised by the employer[7]. Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act of negligence will not come within the first part of the Salmond test but it could come within the second part. He is authorised to drive the lorry to make deliveries. The problem which arises is that instead of being accompanied by another company driver, he took his niece, Flora with him. He moreover drove for seven hours without a break despite having company regulations which clearly states that company drivers should alternate driving shifts of no more than four hours each. In Century Insurance Co v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board[8], it was held that the fact that an employee was doing his job negligently does not necessarily take him outside the course of his employment. Again the court will examine all the circumstances. As noted in Cooke, an employer may be vicariously liable for an act if the prohibition applies to the way that the job is done, rather than the scope of the job itself. Similarly in the present scenario, company regulations only mentioned about the way long haul deliveries is to be carried out. The scope of the job was still the same à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" making deliveries. In Limpus v London General Omnibus[9], the court stated that a bus driver is within the scope of his employment when he races other buses even if he is strictly prohibited from doing so. However in the present scenario, Jameel was not just going about his work. He also planned to visit Scotland with his niece. An important question that arises here is whether or not this act would amount to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frolicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that takes him outside the course of his employment. This will be heavily dependent upon the facts of the case. In Storey v Ashton[10], an employer was not held liable when the driver completed his work and then went to visit a relative. This was a new journey which had nothing to do with the employment[11]. Other cases involved in frolics are Harvey v RG Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Dell[12] , Hilton v Thomas Burton Ltd[13]. Similarly, if we apply this principle to our current scenario, it is probable that the court regards Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s journey with his niece as being an independent one outside his course of employment. If such is the case, then Freddy Hobart Ltd is very likely to escape liability in respect of Flora. The second limb of the test has been rejected by the House of Lords in Lister. Modern case law suggests that the second part of the Salmond test may need to be modified to a close connection test. The close connection test asks whether or not the tort was so closely connected with the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employment, that it would be fair and just to hold the employer vicariously liable. Again all the facts are relevant. If Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contract of work provides that the lorry is only to be used for work-related business, then one might argue that he was not acting within the course of his employment. Finally the court might feel that there was no sufficient closeness between the employment in question and the tort in order to impose liability on Freddy Hobart Ltd. If Jameel had been accompanied by Barney, then Freddy Hobart Ltd could be vicariously liable for Jameelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence since unlike with Flora, there would have been no à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frolicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ this time. He would have been acting in the course of his employment when the tort occurred and therefore the three requirements for vicarious liability would have been satisfied. As noted in Cooke, an employer may be vicariously liable for the negligence of an employee which leads to the claimant employee being injured. The employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability here is strict. Unlike the case with Flora, Freddy Hobart Ltd also owes a personal duty of care towards Barney since he is their employee. In Wilsons and Clyde Coal[14], the court stated that this duty is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-delegableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢- the employer must provide a competent staff, adequate material, a proper system and effective supervision. In the present scenario, we are not given suffici ent information on the experience of Jameel as a driver. Freddy Hobart Ltd may be personally liable in respect of Barney if Jameel is judged as not being sufficiently experienced and Barney is injured as a result. However, one might also argue that since Barney is a fellow driver, should he not have taken the wheel after the four hours. In that situation, it is up to the court to decide whether it is fair and just to impose liability on Freddy Hobart Ltd since it was partly because of Barneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fault that the tort occurred. [1] Catherine Elliot and Frances Quinn, Tort Law (9th edition, Pearson Education, 2013) p 377 [2] Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions [1968] 2 QB 497 [3] Honeywill and Stein v Larkin [1934] 1 KB 191 [4] Beard v London General Omnibus Company [1900] 2 QB 53 [5] J Salmond, Law of Torts, (Sweet and Maxwell, 1907) p 83 [6] Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215 [7] John Cooke, Law of Tort (11th edition, Pearson, 2013) p 536 [8] Century Insurance Co v Northern Ireland Road Transport Board [1942] AC 509 [9] Limpus v London General Omnibus Co (1862) 1 HC 526 [10] Storey v Ashton (1869) LR 4 QB 476 [11] Ibid p 537 [12] Harvey v RG Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Dell [1958] 2 QB 78 [13] Hilton v Thomas Burton (Rhodes) Ltd [1961] 1 WLR 705 [14]

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Good Common App Essay Topics

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Good Common App Essay Topics The Key to Successful Good Common App Essay Topics Essays which don't demonstrate these qualities are usually afflicted by tone-deafness. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that should be solved later on. Having just said that there's no such thing as a suitable answer, in addition, it is important to know that a few answers become used a good deal, and that could make it more challenging to compose an essay on such topic that will get noticed. Therefore, if you begin with a terrible topic, not only will you wind up with a poor essay, but you risk ruining the superior impression that the remainder of your application makes. In general, there's no single correct topic. Life, Death and Good Common App Essay Topics For example, you can zoom in on one specifi c part of your background and identity and the way it informs the direction you look at and approach certain things. This essay is quite apparent that the player isn't at the very top of their game, and there's no shame in that. At the exact same time, you are going to impress the college admissions folks greatly if it's possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. Which is the reason why you require an angle. Failure essays are the very best approaches to grab the interest of the admission officers. Consider your thoughts and aspirations and describe how a Cornell Engineering education would enable you to leverage technological problem-solving to enhance the world we dwell in. Tufts University Think beyond the box as you answer the subsequent questions. In nearly all circumstances, you ought to avoid writing a conventional opening paragraph. Common App will limit the quantity of words that you may use to a few hundred. It is often as large or as small as it is possible to consider! When you wish to learn, I believe the very best teacher to turn to is experience! Every applicant have a special story. Describe the surroundings in which you were raised your family members, home, neighborhood, or community and the way it influenced the individual you are today. Identifying each of the essays you must write as part of your college application procedure will make it a lot easier that you discover what you ought to be sharing with admissions officers and where you need to be sharing it. Don't forget that the Common App provides you with creative license. The Advantages of Good Common App Essay Topics After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! Our topics are good since they won't leave listeners indifferent. It's about y our personal journey. The Hidden Gem of Good Common App Essay Topics Some terrible topics show admissions officers which you don't have a superior awareness of judgment or maturity, which is a problem as they are building a category of college students who have in order to manage independent life on campus. Explain your commitments, and you are going to be the type of student colleges find immensely attractive. They want to know what you're looking for, so they can make sure they're offering what you need to make sure college is a happy, successful experience for you. Fine, but you must be ready to write whatever you really feel like writing from a college that might not be your first option. Do remember, however, that the absolute most important thing about the essay is the fact that it should be something only you could write! You're likely to whatever you really feel like writing. There are a lot of ways to interpret this type of prompt. At times, even when you're writing about an interesting, relevant subject, it's still possible to appear immature or unready for college life due to the manner in which you present that topic the way you truly write your own personal statement. The Fundamentals of Good Common App Essay Topics Revealed A standard app essay doesn't have a strict outline. Also, do not forget that the last prompt gives you the ability to submit a present essay or even create your very own prompt. If you require the inspiration to compose your own application essay, take a look at our Common App essay examples which should jump-start your writing. The sports essay is predictable and ought to be avoided, if at all possible. Your introduction is just one of the most significant elements of the typical Application essay. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Get the Scoop on Good Common App Essay Topics Before You're Too Late Check to be certain you haven't made any of the usual mistakes on this list. Topics like death and divorce are cautionary as they can be exceedingly hard to write about. The very best news about his year's Common Application () is you can still write about just about any topic you wantthese prompts are extremely open-ended. Your response shouldn't be a book report. Good Common App Essay Topics Options The essay is easily among the most troublesome sections of the college application practice. These que stions should inform your complete college application procedure. Who knowsthe solution to that question may be the foundation for your admission essay. You should definitely take advantage of contractions, which enhance the stream of your essay. The tool also has Spanish language resources. Irrespective of which essay prompt you address, it's critical to give yourself time to take into consideration the info you're conveying and what it reveals about you. Based on extensive counselor feedback, the existent essay prompts provide great flexibility for applicants to inform their specific stories in their very own voice.

Influences of My Personal Counseling Philosophy - 747 Words

 ¬When considering what my own personal philosophy of counseling would be, it was eye opening to consider who I was a person and how much I have grown. The self analysis was new to me because I never thought about how I do that on a day to day basis. Reviewing the questions I found that a lot of my focus surrounded family, my significant other, and close friends. Constantly living in a diverse population and having that as my surrounding also made its mark in my answers. I also noted that both past and present influences, but primarily the present, play a large role in my own perspective. By following the prompt, I was made to understand that my thought process makes me think of what is occurring in the present and how I can alter these†¦show more content†¦and thus the family structure and dynamic should be examined and considered when working with a client to deliver the most effective counseling approach. I feel that our perception of the past influences the way we act in the present. However, I do think that it should be taken into account that I, nor my client, will be able to change the past. Early experiences play a significant role in who we are but do not determine us as a whole. I believe Adler’s idea of a subjective reality, individual to each person, is similar to how people operate. People create and interpret their own experience, which means that a sense of reality is individual to each person. It is my goal as a counselor to do my best to try and understand each of my client’s realities and cater to them that would seem fit, since we are not all molded the same in our thought processes. People have the capacity to interpret, influence and create events. In order to understand people we must first understand the systems of which they are part. Adler’s life style assessment is holistic and systemic. In any beginning counseling relationship, I would try and gather as much information as I can about their attitudes and come to find an understanding of the lives that they live through their own personal perspective. This subjective reality is described as phenomenological and includes the individual’s perceptions, thoughts, feelings, values,Show MoreRelatedPersonal Experience Receiving Therapeutic Counseling889 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional experience in my career so far as well as personal experience receiving therapeutic counseling have given me a broad-based set of beliefs about what motivates individuals. I have determined that each individual comes with a unique context and narrative and that my role is to facilitate a client’s self-determination and decision-making by developing a positive relationship that allows the client freedom to take risks or make informed choices. Also I believe that the counselor createsRead MoreCareer And Personal Experience Receiving Therapeutic Counseling878 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional experience in my career and personal experienc e receiving therapeutic counseling has given me a broad-based set of beliefs about what motivates individuals. I have determined that each individual comes with a unique context and narrative and that my role is to facilitate a client’s self-determination and decision-making by developing a positive relationship that allows the client freedom to take risks or make informed choices. Also, I believe that the counselor creates the trustingRead MorePhilosophy Of School Counseling1329 Words   |  6 Pagesschool counselor in practice, my philosophy of the role of the school counselor is that school counselors play a tremendous role in the life of their student and is very important for us, school counselors to be aware of our role in the students’ life. We play a big role in their development of different areas such as personal development, career/academic development, and social development. Therefore, what guide me to this career is that I want to be able to advocate f or my students, and to help studentRead MoreReflection Paper On Life Philosophy1246 Words   |  5 PagesLife Philosophy Paper Introduction Who you are fuels who you are as a counselor, however, I recognize that I cannot let my own opinions, values, and beliefs cloud my care for others. Self-exploration and discovery should help to keep me from imposing my belief system upon those that I care for. The personal values and experiences I have developed over time will enable me to honestly empathize with many diverse cultural belief systems. I am not one to judge or jump to conclusions, instead I likeRead MoreCritical Pedagogy: The Study of Oppression in Education855 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to social philosophy and its place in curricula, I feel that it does have a place. The social views of people in today’s society have a major influence of what is place within a curriculum. Most curriculums are developed based on the needs and some wants of local persons in society. Many businesses say that all persons graduated from high school should not attend college but should attend an institution where everyday tr ades are taught. Parents of this society have influence on what is inRead MoreA Review of Therapists Integration of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling1036 Words   |  5 PagesSummary In this meta-analysis of integration of spirituality and religion in the counseling field, the authors seek to understand the skills and attitudes needed to integrate these variables into counseling. Among those that were studied are awareness of one’s own culture and heritage, respect for the diversity found in people concerning spirituality and religion and recognition of one’s helping style and how it may be perceived by clients (Walker, Gorsuch, Tan, 2004). A difficulty that hasRead More Teaching Philosophy Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesTeaching Philosophy Philosophy of Education, is the exploration for the meaning of life. My personal philosophical views of education, is the love of teaching and learning. To serve as an mentor, confidant, instructor and to provide guidance in the area of education. To teach the younger generation that education can give great lifelong rewards. I hope to learn and expand my wisdom surrounding the aspect of education, through research, assignments and field experienceRead MorePersonal Cultural Reflection Philosophy Paper – Michael1148 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Cultural Reflection Philosophy Paper – Michael Travis i. Introduction: ii. Exploration: I would describe myself as someone with a deep understanding of self, someone who can recognize and yield meaning from all of the life’s experiences, both the good and the bad. Viktor Frankl said, â€Å"if there is a meaning in life at all, then there must be a meaning in suffering.† From my experiences of personal and family tragedies, I know that suffering is part of life and is unavoidable, it is asRead MoreTaking a Look at Crisis Counseling1319 Words   |  5 Pages This is because psychology is subclassed with crazy people, which in fact could not be further from the truth. The following essay will clear up this illustration about psychology by further breaking down one of its fields, Crisis Counseling. Crisis Counseling is exactly as it sounds, it deals with individuals after a traumatic event. Crisis counselors not only conduct interviews with the patient(client), they also: assist clients in following through with treatment plans, collaborate with otherRead MoreThe Professional Identity of a Mental Health Counselor1583 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome an effective professional counselor, the roles and characteristics of the counseling professional, the different counseling associations, what is required to attain a state license and certification, how to assess your own professional development, and the rise of technology and how it may affect your clinical practice. Key Philosophies of the Counseling Professional The key philosophies of the counseling profession are wellness, resilience, and prevention. Wellness can be defined

Classical School of Management free essay sample

Management Theory Dr. Stephen W. Hartman New York Institute of Technology Introduction and Main Points Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century and flourished during the twentieth. The twentieth century has witnessed a revolution in management theory ranging from classical theory to the Japanese management approach. Todays management theory is the result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. The Founders The beginning of the modern organization occurred primarily during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory ystem, principally in the textile industry, where automation and mass production became the cornerstone of productivity. Management thinking, however, was slow to evolve during the century. The need existed to define what management was in the first instance as well as to operationalize it in meaningful terms for an organization. During this period two principal management theorists took up this challenge and emerged as the so-called Pre-Classicists of management thought. Pre-Classicists In the nineteenth century, Robert Owen and Charles Babbage seriously addressed the uest for the development of management theory. Owen was an entrepreneur and social reformer while Babbage was a noted mathematician with a strong managerial interest. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Robert Owens ideas stemmed from his ownership of a cotton mill in New Lanark, Scotland where he developed a strong interest in the welfare of the 400 to 500 child employees. Owen spearheaded a legislative movement to limit child employment to those over the age of ten while reducing the workday to 10 1/2 hours. In 1813 Owen published a pamphlet, A New View of Society, where he described his vision of society. He also became active in improving living conditions of employees through the implementation of improvements in housing, sanitation, public works and establishing schools for the children. Owen strongly believes that character is a product of circumstances and that environment and early education is critical in forming good character. While being extremely controversial during his lifetime, Owen is credited with being the forerunner of the modern human relations school of management. Charles Babbage (1792-1871) Charles Babbage, a noted English mathematician, is credited as being the father of the modern omputer for performing the fundamental research for the first practical mechanical calculator as well as doing basic research and development on an analytical engine acknowledged to be the forerunner of todays modern computer. His interest in management stemmed largely from his concerns with work specialization or the degree to which work is divided into its parts. This is now recognized as being the forerunner of contemporary operations research. Babbages other major management contribution came from the development of a modern profit-sharing plan including an employee onus for useful suggestions as well as a share of the companys profits. While both Owen and Babbage were important nineteenth century management innovators, their efforts lacked the central tenets of a theory of management. Owen was techniques in the areas of human relations while Babbage is credited with developing the concepts of specialization of labor and profit sharing. These pre- classicists paved the way for the theoretical ferment of the classical school of management. The Classical School The twentieth century witnessed a period of tremendous management theory ferment and activity. Calls were heard for the development of a comprehensive management theory. The classical school of management was primarily concerned with developing such a theory to improve management effectiveness in organizations. However, the classical school theorists went a step further. Not only did they seek to develop a comprehensive theory of management, but they also wanted to provide the tools a manager required for dealing with their organizational challenges. Within the classical school there are the bureaucratic management, administrative management and scientific management branches. Bureaucratic Management Max Weber can be classified in the bureaucratic management branch of the classical school. Weber, the son of a prominent Bismarckian era German politician, was raised in Berlin and studied law at the University of Berlin. After assuming an appointment teaching law at the University of Berlin, Weber assumed teaching appointments in economics at the Universities of Freiburg, Heidelberg, Vienna, ending with his death after a bout with pneumonia at the University of Munich. Webers interest in organizations evolves from his view of the institutionalization of power and authority in the modern Western world. He constructed a rational-legal authority model of an ideal type bureaucracy. This ideal type rested on a belief in the legality of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority to issue commands (legal authority). Weber postulated the rules and regulations of a bureaucracy serve to insulate its members against the possibility of personal favoritism. Max Weber (1864-1920) Weber believes all bureaucracies have certain characteristics: 1 . A well defined hierarchy. All positions within a bureaucracy are structured in a way permitting the higher positions to supervise and control the lower positions. This provides a clear chain of command facilitating control and order throughout the organization. 2. Division of labor and specialization. All responsibilities in an organization are rationalized to the point where each employee will have the necessary expertise to master a particular task. This necessitates granting each employee the requisite authority to complete all such tasks. 3. Rules and regulations.

Sociology in Law Enforcement Essay Example

Sociology in Law Enforcement Essay Sociology is simply the study of society, while law enforcement concerns the prevention of and struggle against crime within the same society.   For effective law enforcement, therefore, the study of society may provide invaluable information.   So as to eradicate the roots of crime, this information is essential.   After all, by understanding why crime takes place within society, law enforcement agencies will be able to enhance their efforts to fight crime.There is a branch of sociology referred to as the sociology of law, investigating the interaction of society with law.   This sub-discipline of the study of society may help law enforcement agencies to understand the effect that they have on society, in addition to the practices and procedures that are most practicable in a given situation.   Seeing that social change affects law enforcement, the sociology of law may explain the interaction while also describing the kinds of laws that are necessary at any given time (â⠂¬Å"Sociology of Law,† 2007).   As an example, law enforcement agencies may surely see the need to develop new laws during a time of revolution in a nation.   Sociology of law would help law enforcement agencies in effectively doing so.Another important use of sociology to law enforcement agencies is the understanding it provides about the kinds of situations that lead people to commit crime.   By increasing their knowledge about when and where crimes may happen, law enforcement agencies would naturally enhance their effectiveness.   Hence, sociology provides law enforcement agencies with a number of theories of crime, explaining the situations and the kinds of people that may typically be related to criminal activities.   Although the theories of crime presented by sociologists do not happen to be foolproof, they may guide law enforcement agencies in their work.   The following section describes and analyzes a theory of crime and deviance in relation to a few othe r theories presented by sociologists to help law enforcement agencies improve their understanding of crime, criminals, and the practices of the agencies in dealing with the same.   Moreover, these theories may assist law enforcement agencies in developing better practices.Deviant Behavior in the Light of the Conflict TheoryConflict theory is based on the idea that the main causes of crime and deviance are the economic and social differences among members of a society, prompting the have-nots to act out, if not to rob the haves.   According to this theory, criminal law and the entire criminal justice system tend to be favorable toward the wealthy and the powerful elites, while the governmental policies are aimed at controlling only the needy and poor members of society.   Moreover, the theory assumes that the entire criminal justice structure is aimed at compelling all members of society to accept the standards of good behavior and morality that are created by the rich and the powerful.   There is a focus on separation between the haves and the have-nots, so as to protect the haves from physical attacks by the have-nots, and also to protect them from being robbed.   In the process, however, the rights of the poor and needy people could be ignored.   The middle class, on the other hand, enjoys the legal rights of the elites by siding with them.   These people believe that they might be able to rise in rank by backing up the status quo (â€Å"Conflict,† 2005).The simplistic conflict theory has been explained further thus:†¦[S]treet crimes, even minor monetary ones are routinely punished quite severely, whilelarge scale financial and business crimes are treated much more leniently.   Theft of atelevision might receive a longer sentence than stealing millions through illegal businesspractices.   William Chambliss, in a classic essay â€Å"The Saints and the Roughnecks,† comparedthe outcomes for two groups of adolescent misbehave rs.   The first, a lower class group ofboys, was hounded by the local police and labeled by teachers as delinquents and futurecriminals, while the upper-middle class boys were equally deviant, but their actions werewritten off as youthful indiscretions and learning experiences (â€Å"Conflict†).Although there is truth to the conflict theory, it is only partial.   Of a certainty, there are countless people counted among the rich and the powerful who have engaged in deviant behaviors.   What is more, they have not found the law to be lax toward them.   As an example, both of President George W. Bush’s daughters have been in trouble with the law (Montgomery, 2001).   The daughter of the President’s brother, Florida Governor Jeb Bush, has also been arrested for deviant behavior (â€Å"Jeb,† 2002).   The conflict theory does not apply in their cases.   Nor does it apply in the case of Enron and Worldcom – rich businesses that should have b een untouched by the laws of the land if the conflict theory were entirely true.Although there may be instances where the conflict theory correctly explains deviant behavior, it is obvious that this theory cannot be applied to all places in the world at all times.   There are many nations in the world where corruption is the law of the land, and unfairness is the norm.   In the developing regions of the world, in particular, the have-nots may rob the haves or simply act out because they are disturbed by the unfairness that is mete out to them.   However, it is not correct to understand deviant behavior only in the light of the conflict theory.   If we are to believe that it is conflict theory alone that explains deviant behavior in human beings, we would not have examples of the Bush daughters and Enron to consider.As mentioned before, there are many theories to explain deviant behavior.   The cultural transmission or the differential associations theory, for instance, may compete with the conflict theory in explaining deviance.   According to the cultural transmission theory, all kinds of behaviors, including deviant behavior, are learned.   Furthermore, the young and therefore more impressionable learners of deviance may have developed close relationships with their deviant teachers.   With increasing contacts with deviant teachers, the young learners of deviance engage in increasingly deviant behaviors (â€Å"Sociological Theories†).The cultural transmission theory does not rule out the possibility that the children of the rich and the powerful may engage in deviant behaviors because they may have had deviant teachers.   The conflict theory rules out this possibility entirely with its assumption that the societal norms are established by the rich and the powerful, so therefore they cannot possibly go against their own rules.   As explained previously, this assumption of the conflict theory is not true, seeing that the rich and the powerful are also known to go against the societal norms, which they should have established for themselves and by themselves.   The conflict theory is also not true one hundred percent in places where laws are created on the basis of unfairness and corruption.   Even in such places, it is known that there are poor people that try to work hard and honestly, despite the unfairness that is dealt out to them.   In short, all people in ‘deviant’ places may not engage in deviant behaviors, even if the rich and the powerful have corrupted the government with bribes, etc.Yet another theory that conflicts with the conflict theory is the social control theory that explains why people may not engage in deviant behaviors.   According to this theory, individuals may follow the societal norms because of their connecting social bonds (â€Å"Sociological Theories†).   In other words, they may refuse to engage in deviant behaviors for the following reasons:(1) attachm ent a measure of the connectedness between individuals;(2) commitment a measure of the stake a person has in the community;(3) involvement a measure of the time/energy a person is spending on activities that arehelpful to the community;(4) belief a measure of the persons support for the morals and beliefs of the community(â€Å"Sociological Theories†).If all poor and needy folks in an unfair society were to follow the societal norms because of their social contacts, the conflict theory would once again be rendered meaningless.   It may be that some underprivileged folks with weak social bonds would engage in deviant behaviors in a corrupt society.   In that case, however, the conflict theory would only apply to that small group of people.   In actuality, such a group may be existent.   Theoretically, however, it is possible for that group never to exist.   Thus, the conflict theory may actually apply only in the cases of disgruntled, underprivileged folks who tr uly believe in righting the wrongs with wrongs.   It would not apply in a corrupt society where underprivileged folks would like to work hard and honestly.   And, neither would it apply in societies where the rich and the powerful are not exempt from the law.   Therefore, the conflict theory is a naà ¯ve theory, which, like most theories, does not explain reality in its entirety.Sociological Research and Law EnforcementWhile none of the theories of crime presented by sociologists may explain the causes of crime and deviance in all possible situations and among all kinds of people, it is essential for law enforcement officers to consider them while hunting for suspects.   Furthermore, law enforcement agencies must be cognizant of latest sociological research on crime.   This would help law enforcement agencies to develop effective policies.As an example, Button et al. (2007) have presented sociological research on fighting public sector crime by the employment of â€Å"sp ecially trained civilian personnel.†Ã‚   Given that fraud and corruption may occur within law enforcement agencies as well, these civilians are â€Å"tasked to prevent, investigate and secure sanctions against fraudsters,† even if the fraudsters happen to be in the police force (Button et al.).   The government of the United Kingdom is already trying out this new method of preventing crime in the public sector.   Button et al. describe the entire process of employing the method.   Hence, any law enforcement agency in the globe, upon evaluating that the solution is viable for itself, may apply the method successfully to prevent and catch crime in the public sector.Ruggiero (2007) has also published a sociological research to help law enforcement agencies in their performance.   The research is on white collar crime, including state and corporate offences that the law enforcement agencies typically find hard to detect.   By including detailed definitions of whit e collar criminals and power crimes, alongside descriptions of a number of white collar crimes with varying degrees of illegitimacy and consequences – the researcher has performed a rather useful task for law enforcement officers, who may now use the information to enhance their understanding of white collar crime.ConclusionThe relationship between sociology and law enforcement is inevitable as well as indispensable.   Law enforcement agencies are always dealing with the society at large, and sociological research helps them to understand the effect of the law and the practices of the agencies on the people.   Additionally, sociological research may assist law enforcement chiefs and officers to target crime and criminals by their correct definitions.   Even so, as the analysis of the theories of crime and deviance suggests, all scholarly works and theories may not help law enforcement agencies to understand crime in all its manifestations.   Criminals may turn out to be as creative as the theorists.   Hence, law enforcement agencies may not depend on sociological research and theories of crime and deviance as definite maps to hunt criminals.   Still, these theories in addition to sociological research may provide guidance to the law enforcement agencies not only in the prevention of and struggle against crime, but also in developing better practices and policies for the same.   After all, sociology of law is an entire area of study to examine the effects of myriad laws on society at large.;